The meaning, benefit, and example of a corpus

The meaning, benefit, and example of a corpus

A. What is Corpus

·         A corpus is a collection of texts, written or spoken, usually stored in a computer database. A corpus may be quite small, for example, containing only 50,000 words of text, or very large, containing many millions of words. (Michael McCarthy)

·         A collection of naturally occurring language text, chosen to characterize a state or variety of a language. (John Sinclair. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

·         In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed). In corpus linguistics, they are used to do statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory.

B. Based on your experience, how corpus benefit you?

1.    As a learner, Corpus gives me exposer to non-textbook language.

2.    Giving access to a much larger language sample than classes can normally provide.

3.    With corpus, I can answer everyday usages (Do people really say/use this? Which constructions are common? Which vocabulary is frequent?)

C. Try to work with corpus. Your job is to try 10 words.

1.    subsequent

And yes, in most generations nothing had any novel consequence for subsequent generations.

This cooling led to a striking increase in Arctic ice cover in 1992, which dropped in subsequent years as the particles fell back to earth.

My work is firmly rooted in my own family's history of exile and subsequent rebirth in the United States.

Now, in the spring, when we lose one hour of sleep, we see a subsequent 24-percent increase in heart attacks that following day.

The first was the arrest, trying and conviction and subsequent incarceration of Detroit's very popular mayor.

Very early in in our time with Sarah, we told her how I was going to be called "dad" and my partner is "mama." Sarah was one of those folks that took it in stride, and our subsequent visits went pretty smoothly.

The heat required to regenerate or recycle these materials absolutely dictates the energy and the subsequent cost of doing this.

Michael Brown's death and the subsequent treatment of the community led to a string of protests in and around Ferguson and St. Louis.

We mourn the tragic death of two-year-old Alan Kurdi, and yet, since then, more than 200 children have subsequently drowned in the Mediterranean.

But actually, the mathematics and subsequent findings by the team have shown the exact opposite is true.

Have you ever subsequently texted that person the phrase "I'm staring at the phone smiling like an idiot"?

I've traveled north to the Arctic to the capture the unfolding story of polar melt, and south to the Equator to document the subsequent rising seas.

2.    endurance.

I was near the halfway point of the bike portion of one of the most prestigious, longest, single-day endurance race events in the world.

They all had this beautiful quality of endurance, but that was true of the singles, too.

Lots of endurance, but never tenderness.

So this is the high-water mark of human endurance, human endeavor, human athletic achievement in arguably the harshest climate on Earth.

For years, I'd been writing glib lines in sponsorship proposals about pushing the limits of human endurance, but in reality, that was a very frightening place to be indeed.

We are learning from each other’s' strength and endurance, not against our bodies and our diagnoses, but against a world that exceptionalizes and objectifies us.

I survived that childhood through a mix of avoidance and endurance.

What I didn't know then and do know now, is that avoidance and endurance can be the entryway to forging meaning.

Endurance and ultra-endurance sports serve as a great example.

And as athletes have realized that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance, they've taken on feats that would have been unthinkable before, athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.

And at this point, by this summer, everybody -- scientists, sports scientists, endurance experts, neurologists, my own team, Bonnie -- said it's impossible.

It senses what I want to do, where I want to go, and then augments my strength and endurance.

3.    radiate

The ten themes radiate out and orbit the time capsule

we submitted for the competition, the plans showing the spaces which radiate outwards from the entry.

It doesn't radiate.

The way it does this is it comes out at night, crawls to the top of a sand dune, and because it's got a matte black shell, is able to radiate heat out to the night sky and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.

More energy is coming in than going out, until Earth warms up enough to again radiate to space as much energy as it absorbs from the Sun.

He did not run-down shouting, "Hallelujah!" and "Bless the Lord!" He did not radiate light and joy.

They radiate happiness. You are surprised.

That long neck and long tail help it radiate heat into the environment, passively controlling its temperature

Our bodies radiate our stories from changes in the temperature of our physiology.

It's the secret sauce because it's the place where the social interactions and community life begin, and from there, it radiates out through the rest of the community.

4.    whisper

So, I whisper-shouted back to him, "Yes, the computer can tell if you're lying."

The hum is God's whisper right in my ear.

the real hum is God's whisper in my ear, but maybe God was whispering the wrong words, because which one of the gods was telling me I was the titan?

And this kind of reaction ended up being the kind of reaction we saw over and over and over: people down on the ground trying to comfort the seizure victim, trying to whisper something into his ear or in some way help, even though they couldn't.

She fears that I'll die without a whisper.

So there we were at the Supreme Court arguing in front of 12 Afghan justices, me as an American female lawyer, and Sahar, a young woman who when I met her couldn't speak above a whisper.

So they returned to their villages and are told they're going to get sick and die soon, but five happy years, their logic goes, is better than 10 stuck in a high rise on the outskirts of Kiev, separated from the graves of their mothers and fathers and babies, the whisper of stork wings on a spring afternoon.

And our ears tell us that the whisper of every leaf and creature speaks to the natural sources of our lives, which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things, especially our own humanity, and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.

How can these cars whisper, "You need to get out of the way?" Well, it depends on two things: one, the ability of the car, and second the ability of the driver.

It's when the young couple whisper, "Tonight we are going to make a baby." My talk will be about the impact of religions on the number of babies per woman.

You can stand on one side of the world, whisper something and be heard on the other.

5.    Torture

And in the midst of the excruciating pain, the mental torture, the many unanswered questions that Manson faced, he knew he was not going to play the victim.

But there's something more people can agree on: torture.

Now I personally believe that no one deserves to be tortured by the US government.

First, we do torture people here in America, tens of thousands of them every day.

It's why harsh prison systems and torture regimes routinely use solitary as a form of severe punishment.

When a prison is located in the US instead of China, when it's run by the federal government and not some rogue sheriff, when it has state-of-the-art technology and gleaming floors, not overcrowded cells and decrepit facilities, it's harder to believe that torture happens there.

But it's important to entertain the idea that, sometimes, this too is what torture looks like.

We know that secrecy is a hallmark of places that torture.

To me, it looks like these were things devised in a medieval torture chamber, but it's our modern surgical joinery.

And then we unveiled a hammer and a hatchet and we told them to torture and kill the robots.

Just about everyone does it from time to time -- there are so many opportunities, whether it's taking a test, giving a talk, pitching to a client or that special form of torture I like to call the job interview.

6.    wrestle.

I mean, I didn't get to wrestle.

Sure, I was disappointed I didn't get to wrestle, but very few wrestlers get any kind of call from the WWE.

It was the story of faith and doubt, and the realization that a wrestle with doubt is a part of faith -- maybe the biggest part of it.

You go into yourself, you find the sin which you've committed over and again through your life, your signature sin out of which the others emerge, and you fight that sin and you wrestle with that sin, and out of that wrestling, that suffering, then a depth of character is constructed.

And we're often not taught to recognize the sin in ourselves, in that we're not taught in this culture how to wrestle with it, how to confront it, and how to combat it.

One, two, three, four, I declare a thumb war, and we wrestle, and of course Sunni beats me because she's the best.

And if we had just four people, we would do it just like this, and we would try and wrestle both thumbs at the same time.

How about surprise? The actual feeling of trying to wrestle two thumbs at once is pretty surprising.

That's an important fact, because it tells us that in 40 years, the nonprofit sector has not been able to wrestle any market share away from the for-profit sector.

Animals wrestle with these same issues, too, but they have a more straightforward way of dealing with things.

Now, these are arm wrestle questions, but I want to tell you about questions that are more related to empathy and that really, very often, are the questions that people have been waiting their whole lives to be asked.

In the animal world, if you take rats, who are hardwired to play at a certain period of their juvenile years and you suppress play -- they squeak, they wrestle, they pin each other, that's part of their play.

7.    Knit

At the time, Lupe's family lived in the insular world of the Back of the Yards, a tight-knit Chicago neighborhood, which for more than 100 years had been a portal of entry for recent immigrants -- first, from Europe, like my family, and more recently, from Latin America.

Up at the surface, plants can chemically knit together carbon dioxide molecules into yummy sugars as fast as the sun's photons hit their leaves.

Travel with me to some of the most beautiful spots in cities around the world: Rome's Spanish steps; the historic neighborhoods of Paris and Shanghai; the rolling landscape of Central Park; the tight-knit blocks of Tokyo or Fez; the wildly sloping streets of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro; the dizzying step wells of Jaipur; the arched pedestrian bridges of Venice.

I grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, bouncing from house to house with a loving, close-knit family as we struggled to find stability in our finances.

When I was a kid, my mom knit me this beautiful sweater.

This tight-knit community also came together recently, and they purchased an abandoned building, an abandoned building that was in disrepair and in foreclosure.

On the flip side, tight-knit communities, being in a marriage long-term, and lifelong friendships, even, all improve telomere maintenance.

Started by a tight-knit Black community near Charleston, South Carolina, the Charleston permeated dance halls where young women suddenly had the freedom to kick their heels and move their legs.

Just as I cannot and don't wish to turn back to the clock on equality and diversity, and yet must understand the sense of loss they can inspire, so, too, I refuse and could not if I wished turn back the clock on an ever more closely knit, interdependent world, and on inventions that won't stop being invented.

A lot of people think that I am a master knitter but I actually couldn't knit a sweater to save my life.

(Laughter) And I'm teaching myself to knit, which so far I can knit a blob.

8.    Dwell

Today, the care of the heart has become less the province of philosophers, who dwell upon the heart's metaphorical meanings, and more the domain of doctors like me, wielding technologies that even a century ago, because of the heart's exalted status in human culture, were considered taboo.

Now, there are those who dwell upon that the fact that these machines aren't built in our image.

Art creates what I call a conjured life, which helps our existence and pushes, motivates and inspires us to dwell and express ourselves without metrics or calculations.

She watched me work and encouraged me to focus on my future and not dwell on my past.

Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)

We often dwell on human trafficking survivors' victimization.

I want to dwell in that light with you and with everyone.

And as I do that, I'm not going to dwell much on the very large philanthropy that everybody already knows about -- the Gates or the Soros or the Google.

and in grad school I became interested in creatures that dwell in the hidden corners of the city.

But I took a liking to them because they dwell on the fringes of society.

Where we've come from, what kind of people we are, and it needs to, by doing that, it needs to afford us a glimpse to where we're going in order to allow us to dwell in a hopeful present.

And there are a number of schemes, which I don't want to dwell on,

9.    Grind

Now, until recently, it was the case that if you wanted to inventory all of the molecules in a part of the brain or any organ, you had to first grind it up into a kind of cellular smoothie.

As the spiral of recursive improvement gathers momentum, we eke out victories against the forces that grind us down, not least the darker parts of our own nature.

So even though he will rely a lot on his grit to get him through that first-year law school grind, I'll be there as a mentor for him, check in with him from time to time, maybe take him out to get some curry .

You take a common material like gold, and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles, and it changes from looking gold to looking red.

It's a place where we go to get away from the stress of the grind of work and sometimes home life.

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean, which is very small because it breaks down.

Individual issues like quality of relationship or work conditions or societal issues like racism or sexism or the daily grind of poverty are all strongly related to daily mood.

And we don't, contrary to some of the stuff that's been printed, we don't sit there and grind out metadata profiles of average people.

That chip and PIN card that's in your pocket has a little chip on it that cost millions of pounds to develop, is extremely secure, you can put scanning electron microscopes on it, you can try and grind it down.

It doesn't matter what kind of sediment you're using to grind up, whether it's bacteria or any other plants or animals.

Common injuries can lead to decades of pain, until our joints quite literally grind to a halt.

If you have 500 grams, 1000, one kilogram, he will grind it for it for you; the flourmill will not grind such a small quantity.

We grind the plastic down to about the size of your small fingernail.

We spend so much of our lives at the workplace, and it's supposed to be, what, a miserable grind, so that 20 years from now, we wake up and say, "Is this it?

And the argument here would be that the wheels of evolution grind slowly, but they are inexorable.

Each mirror, there are four of them, is made of a single piece of glass, a monolithic piece of high-tech ceramic, that has been ground down and polished to such accuracy that the only way to understand what that is is [to] imagine a city like Paris, with all its buildings and the Eiffel Tower, if you grind down Paris to that kind of accuracy, you would be left with bumps that are one millimeter high.

10. Shrink

Because raising wages doesn't kill jobs, it creates them; because, for instance, when restaurant owners are suddenly required to pay restaurant workers enough so that now even they can afford to eat in restaurants, it doesn't shrink the restaurant business, it grows it, obviously.

It doesn't take a shrink to explain how I ended up in the field of conflict resolution.

They cool down, shrink and turn back into planets.

And you remember, they had these characters that they would shrink down to these microscopic levels, and then they would sort of swirl in and swim around and fly around all these biological structures?

So they drop down away from the body to cool off, or they shrink back up to get warm.

But it could eventually merge and shrink to small ones that could be in your home with integrated cartridges like this that are delivered by drone.

It's smaller than a honking-big MRI machine, monster MRI machine, but can you do something to shrink it down?" And the answer is: of course.

They did not tell us that Amy would shrink to half her body weight, that she would never lay with her husband again, and that walking upstairs to our bedroom would soon feel like running a marathon.

If you wanted to get into the right ballpark, you'd have to imagine every grain of sand on every beach, under all the oceans and lakes, and then shrink them all so they fit in here.

In opera, we shrink those stairs so that our main characters can glide up and down effortlessly without ever breaking their voice.

If scholars did this, the degrees of separation between the public and research would shrink by a lot.

And if you could shrink yourself down to a little miniature airplane and fly right along the surface of your cells, it might look something like this -- with geographical features.

It says that because the World Bank has focused so much on just economic growth and said that governments have to shrink their budgets and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare -- we thought that was fundamentally wrong.

But if you shrink that diameter to what we're attempting, which is 12 feet, which is plenty to get an electric skate through, you drop the diameter by a factor of two and the cross-sectional area by a factor of four, and the tunneling cost scales with the cross-sectional area.

CA: The size of that tribe can shrink or expand.

But machines will shrink their ranks and make these jobs harder to come by.

Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector from the width of a human hair, which is 100 microns, to a thousand times smaller, which is 100 nanometers.

We should not shrink from this opportunity simply because we don't really understand it.

Put in the wrong words like "promote social justice," and you might see your gold coins shrink or even vanish entirely, according to this fable.

So institutions could shrink or contract, as, of course, the future of culture is, in a way, the most uncertain of all.

If you think your poverty is the result of your own inadequacy, you shrink into despair.

Let's by all means shrink the size of government, but not by slashing the poverty programs, but by ensuring that workers are paid enough so that they actually don't need those programs.

We need to shrink them to the point, within the next five years, that they no longer pose a systemic risk.

America, when we have a challenge, we take it head on, we don't shrink away from it.

What this means is that if you could shrink the Earth to the size of a billiard ball, if you could take planet Earth, with all its mountain tops and caves and rainforests, astronauts and uncontacted tribes and chimpanzees, voodoo dolls, fireflies, chocolate, sea creatures making love in the deep blue sea, you just shrink that to the size of a billiard ball, it would be as smooth as a billiard ball, presumably a billiard ball with a slight bulge around the middle.

You've swallowed hard the contents of the "Drink Me" bottle, and felt yourself shrink.

Yet in the same animal, if we wait just a little while until it's gone to sleep, what we see is that the CSF is rushing through the brain, and we discovered that at the same time when the brain goes to sleep, the brain cells themselves seem to shrink, opening up spaces in between them, allowing fluid to rush through and allowing waste to be cleared out.

We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller, we say to girls, "You can have ambition, but not too much."

But I just need to shrink you by a factor of 1000, to a scale where the diameter of a human hair is as big as my hand.